​​The cultural influences of the African American community have not only shaped American culture, but rather the entire world, with influences ranging from fashion, the arts, to even agriculture, yet African Americans rarely receive recognition for their contributions that are all stored in the National Museum of African American History and Culture. In what is known to be a ‘universal language’ that unites individuals of all demographics, music has historically been a symbol of hope and integrity for African Americans. From what began as a way to bond with fellow slaves while easing the drudgery of their lives, music has flourished into a pivotal component of America’s overall cultural heritage. Their dance tunes, religious music, and hip hop influences makes it nearly impossible to envision America without the African American influence.
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The earliest forms of African American musical traditions derived from western and central Africa before arriving to the United States through the Middle Passage, where Africans were packed onto ships and transported across the Atlantic to the West Indies. During slavery, music was essential to teach lessons, pass African history and traditions, relay secret messages, and alleviate their agony. Although treated as animals, music allowed the chance for slaves to discover each other’s life stories. Slaves brought their knowledge of West African musical instruments, such as drums, zithers, xylophones, and the banjo; in fact, the banjo was the first African derived instrument to be built and played in the United States, exemplifying how Africans blended African and European musical traditions. Eventually, banjo makers gradually adapted their instruments to conform to European tuning systems, resulting in a truly American instrument that incorporated Western music theory even as its design recalled its African models.

After slave masters learned that these instruments were largely used as an obscure gateway of communication among several African communities, they banned the use of drums. However, this did not stop the cadence of the African community as they naturally resorted to another form of communication: rhythmic singing and dancing. Hand clapping and feet tapping instead of using drums, with dances like breakdowns, shuffles, jigs, and the strut became a significant constituent of the New World culture. West African tribal dances transformed into “step” dances, and tribal melodies became song styles like the “shout” and “echo”.

Two of some of the most prominent musical influences from enslaved Africans during this time are spirituals and the blues. Africans in America combined traditional European hymns with African elements to create spirituals, later blooming into gospel music. These spirituals described the hardships of slavery while enabling slaves to envision a world with freedom. At first, christianity was forced upon slaves, but after the slave population became fascinated by Biblical stories, spirituals served as a way to express African American’s newly found faith, all containing sorrow, hopeful, and protest songs. Instead of singing America’s national anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner”, many African Americans sang “Lift Every Voice and Sing” in lieu of it. As many African American children were taught this song at church, school, or with their families, this song was known to be a popular way for African Americans to express their faith, solidarity, and optimism, making it adopted as the “Negro National Anthem” by the NAACP in 1919.

​After the end of the Civil War prompted the abolition of slavery, the struggles of African Americans did not end, but another musical genre from them swept the country: the blues. Although free, most of the South remained poor, and music was the solution to express their sheer disappointment. Artists like Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith were not only one of the earliest professional blues singers, but the most popular among them all, storing their cultural heritage that progressively became mainstream.
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​The Birth of Jazz: “America’s Classic Music”
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​Between the late 19th century and early 20th century, a new sound from African American musicians rose to fame after World War I: Jazz. Due to the technological innovations at the time, like radios and phonograph records, this contributed to the worldwide popularity of jazz and other genres, such as swing, blues, and ragtime. Originating straight from the African American communities of New Orleans, the smooth harmonies of jazz reflected the diversity of cultural influences from West Africa to the West Indies, blending various styles of traditional African music to become a unique, international genre. Jazz was played from coast-to-coast, and as its popularity continuously expanded, the 1920s became known as the Jazz Age while also being linked with the Roaring Twenties, a time of prosperous economic growth in America.

Many jazz soloists soon made their first appearances in areas like Kansas City, Chicago, and New York, with notable figures being Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, and Louis Armstrong. Famous entertainment venues like the Apollo Theater and the Cotton Club came to epitomize the Jazz Age. Soon enough, jazz became tremendously popular that it expanded to America’s white middle class.

Throughout the 1920s, jazz boosted America’s cultural status as it impacted almost every aspect of life, from fashion trends and dancing to even moral standards and race relations. It had a profound effect on the literary world, where poetry and music soon began to merge. Jazz even gave motivation for women to defeat the standards that society has in store for them, furthering the Women’s Liberation Movement. They felt encouraged to rebel against the traditional sex role designated for them and wanted to be seen as more than a house mom. As jazz opened copious job opportunities for women in the music industry, it managed to address the gender issue of having popular music predominantly performed by male. For the first time in American history, the culture of the minority became a desire of the majority.
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​Impact of R&B and Rock And Roll
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​Additionally, Rock And Roll, R&B, doo wop, and soul developed in the mid 20th century and swiftly rose to fame in white audiences, influencing other genres like surf.

When many African Americans migrated to northern cities during the Great Migration, they symbolically carried their culture too, and were able to make transitions into urban environments and the marketplace. Beginning in Detroit, a new, fresh sound with a faster beat, more bass, and fewer instruments came into the music world as “Rhythm and Blues” (R&B).

Rock and roll took inspiration from R&B, as well as gospel, jazz, and jump buggies. Though no one can claim inventing rock and roll, influential figures like Little Richard, Chuck Berry, and Sister Rosetta Tharpe often shed light on the Black influence of rock and roll.

In an interview with Time in 2001, Little Richard noted how rock and roll started out as rhythm and blues. "There wasn't nobody playing it at the time but black people—myself, Fats Domino, Chuck Berry. White kids started paying more attention to this music, white girls were going over to this music, they needed somebody to come in there—like Elvis."

​Yet despite the lack of credit given to the Black community with rock and roll, this musical genre acted as an instance of “cultural collision” throughout history that united both Black and White people simply because they enjoyed the music, such as through the Civil Rights Movement.
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​The Role of Music in the Civil Rights Movement

​As an era dedicated to fighting for the end of institutionalized racial discrimination, disenfranchisement and racial segregation through civil resistance, music played a crucial role to lift the spirits of African Americans. Not only did it encourage activists, but it was activism itself. It motivated people through long marches and supplied psychological strength to victims of harassment due to the color of their skin. Music cleansed the soul of Black people and allowed them to express their vulnerability to the world, as it was also essential to raise money for civil rights organizations.

​As a founding member of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee’s Freedom Singers, Bernice Johnson Reagon described how music brought people of all backgrounds together when marching for the same cause. “For many people like me, the highest point of our lives was when we gathered in those mass meetings, and when we marched... we were bonded to each other, not because we went to school together, or were in the same social club. Not because we worked on the same job, but because we had decided that we would put everything on the line to fight racism in our community.”
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Meet the Bronx, the Birthplace of Hip Hop

​Hip hop is more than just an art form, but a way of connecting people of different backgrounds while speaking out on social issues. It impacts the lives of old and new generations, all emerging from The Bronx during the early 1970s. At the time, the city’s deteriorating economy due to the decline of the manufacturing industry and construction of the Cross Bronx Expressway brought heavy social challenges that affected living conditions. As white middle class families moved to suburban communities to escape the economic burdens of The Bronx, poverty and violence escalated in neighborhoods populated by African Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Carribean immigrants.

As many economic opportunities and entertainment sources dwindled, the youth turned to the Bronx streets as their form of expression. Music soon became a creative outlet for people to deal with violence, hardship, and anger, all while confronting racial barriers.

Born and raised in Kingston, Jamaica up until the age of 10, Clive Campbell—commonly referred to as DJ Kool Herc—is credited for creating hip hop from a birthday party in a Bronx apartment building at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue. DJ Kool Herc span records at parties and talked over records he spun, but instead of being known for rapping, his observance over a crowd’s reaction to different parts of a song made him entirely unique, soon spurring a global hip hop movement with a rise in breakdancing and rapping.

Other notable figures from New York City, like Afrika Bambaataa and Grandmaster Flash, were essential to making hip hop thrive. Around the mid 1980s and early 1990s, hip hop officially became a force to be reckoned with through its movement spanning across the country. Record labels were invested in this musical genre as it soon became mainstream.

​Through the passage of time, the lyricism in hip hop raps developed, reflecting a range of subjects in society where artists like Melle Mel, Rakim, and Warp 9 redefined the art of rapping to another level. Additional new school rappers helped center more attention around hip hop, like RUN DMC, L.L. Cool J, Public Enemy, and so much more. What propelled hip hop even further is its own fashion identity, with several clothes, shoes, and accessories becoming the genre’s form of expression. Even slang became mainstream, with words being added to the Oxford English Dictionary. Needless to say, the music industry and America overall would not be the same without hip hop.

Impact of Black Culture in the Music Industry
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​The Black community has clearly impacted almost every music genre, with its historical contributions tracing back to their darkest moments in American history.

Today, and even in the past, it is apparent that many non-Black artists take inspiration from African American culture, to which many of them recognize that their song/fashion is influenced from Black culture. K-Pop, for example, is indubitably one of the fastest-growing music genres, with artists like BTS making history at American award ceremonies and with their record-breaking albums. Many K-Pop artists adopt hip-hop beats and flows, street fashion, dance traditions and R&B vocal runs, and while some artists are open about these influences, many others, however, are not. But with the recent events over the death of George Floyd and the murder of Breonna Taylor, K-Pop artists are taking into accountability of how their music industry profits off of Black culture. K-Pop artist and drag princess Soju tagged Korean music companies in a meaningful note on Twitter: “It breaks my heart that the K-pop industry I love and cherish profits so much from the Black community, but still refuses to stand up for them. What do the agencies have to lose by voicing their support?”

​What’s more, many of the most iconic singers in modern day history are black artists: Tupac, Beyoncé, Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, Mary J Blige, Alicia Keys, Jay Z, and the list goes on. These artists have set the bar not just for music, but in society, with many non-Black artists like Adele, Billie Eilish, and Eminem openly stating the impact that Black music had on their life and career paths.

​Has it Reached a Point of Appropriating Black Culture?

Black culture beyond its music influences has become so mainstream to the point where people are often unaware of the meaning behind their music and fashion choices. As white artists become the faces of almost every music genre, there is a lack of credit given to the historical influences of the Black community.

White rappers like Post Malone and Iggy Azalea are highly accused of appropriating African American music. The “White Iverson” and “Rockstar” artist Post Malone embraces his hop hop and rap music while not being aware of the culture behind it. Malone told an interviewer in Poland, “If you’re looking for lyrics, if you’re looking to cry, if you’re looking to think about life, don’t listen to hip-hop.” He continued to say, “Whenever I want to sit down and have a nice cry, I’ll listen to some Bob Dylan. But whenever I’m trying to have a good time and stay in a positive mood, I listen to hip-hop because it’s fun. I think hip-hop is important because it brings people together in a beautiful, happy way. Everybody’s happy.”

This infuriated the Black community knowing that hip-hop discusses almost all themes of life, and if you can’t find hip-hop that makes you want to cry or think about life, you’re either not looking very hard or you’re listening in a way that precludes you from hearing any emotion you can relate to. Iggy Azalea has also dealt with controversy of being a white Australian rapper that escalated to hip-hop stardom. Many critics took offense to her accent with her sounds and syntax closely matching “African American English” by linguists in a July paper.
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Black Artists YOU Need to Support

At a time of a modern-day Civil Rights Movement where African Americans are still fighting tirelessly for racial equity amid a global pandemic and a deteriorating economy, now more than ever is the time to support Black artists. Their culture shapes America, so let’s continue to support Black artists and acknowledge their history before shamelessly mimicking it. There are several resources online for you to learn about undiscovered Black musicians who are greatly contributing to the music industry. A simple choice of changing who you listen to has larger effects for being an ally in the Black Lives Matter Movement. It takes small steps from our own music taste and lifestyle habits to fully become aware of the institutionalized racism in artists you once may have supported unknowingly.

On August 28th, the world lost a king. Chadwick Boseman, a beloved actor, died due to his long fight with Colon Cancer. From Hollywood to a sixteen-year-old girl poet in New Jersey, the world felt the pain of losing him. Whether you saw him first in Black Panther, or you knew of him when he played Jackie Robinson in 42, Chadwick was a man of many talents. His acting told stories that needed to be shared with the world. Even though he is gone, his presence will always remain in our hearts.

Chadwick Aaron Boseman was born in 1976 in South Carolina. He soon attended Howard University and the British American Drama Academy. In the 2000’s he made a name for himself on television shows such as CSI: NY and All My Children. He soon received a recurring role on ABC’s Lincoln Heights. Later on, he even starred in hit blockbusters such as 42, Black Panther, 21 Bridges, and Get on Up. He even played the Black Panther in many other Marvel films besides his own. His work and dedication to the arts will remain in both American and Hollywood history.
Even though he was a huge movie star, he still took the time to give back to the community. His fight with Colon Cancer was private with the world for four years. During that time he shot movies, attended big events, but managed to make time to visit children with cancer in hospitals. He went to St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee two years ago. He not only brought toys but even his smile to make the children feel better. Chadwick met with them right before the arrival of Black Panther, Marvel’s first African American superhero debut film. He explained on a SiriusXM Interview an encounter with two boys from the hospital who anticipated the film. He stated, “Just to experience those two little boys' anticipation of this movie,” ... “Yeah. It means a lot." (Acevedo) It was soon revealed that the boys he spoke about died from Cancer before the movie was released. He inspired so many young children, and he became the first superhero that many children can identify with who hadn’t before.

As mentioned before, one of his most talked-about films is Black Panther. There is no doubt that his co-stars were hit in hard ways when they heard the loss of their friend and colleague. Michael B. Jordan, who played his long lost cousin in Black Panther stated in an Instagram post, “One of the last times we spoke, you said we were forever linked, and now the truth of that means more to me than ever. Since nearly the beginning of my career, starting with All My Children when I was 16 years old you paved the way for me. You showed me how to be better, honor purpose, and create a legacy. And whether you’ve known it or not…I’ve been watching, learning, and constantly motivated by your greatness.” … “I wish we had more time.” He left a huge impact on everyone in this world, and it will be hard to not be able to see him in more films.

Chadwick Aaron Boseman was a man who changed the story in Hollywood history. Between taking on huge pop culture characters such as Jackie Robinson and James Brown to being Marvel’s first African American superhero, he will be unforgettable. Chadwick, you gave little girls and boys a superhero that looks like them, and that has been a debt owed by Hollywood for too long. May a man of his stature rest in peace and power.

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Sources:

Acevedo, Nicole. “Chadwick Boseman Visited Children with Cancer While Waging Private Battle with the Disease.” NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 29 Aug. 2020,
www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/chadwick-boseman-visited-children-cancer-while-waging-private-battle-disease-n1238798.
“Chadwick Boseman.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 31 Aug. 2020, www.biography.com/actor/chadwick-boseman.

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​Colleferro, Rome- September 6th, 2020. It is around 2.30am when Willy Monteiro Duarte, a 21-year-old teenager born from his Cape Verdean parents in Italy, was hanging out with some friends when he notices an ongoing fight.
 
Four men- Gabriele and his brother Marco Bianchi, Francesco Belleggia and Mario Pincarelli, all between the ages of 22 and 26 had started a fight with one of Willy’s classmates, Zurma. Willy decides to go over and try to break the fight but gets caught in the middle of it, while Zurma manages to run away the four men keep beating him up while his friends watch helpless. The two Bianchi brothers are experts in martial arts, so Willy has no chance to defend himself and the last few hits come while he screams, “Stop, stop, stop! I can’t breathe anymore,” until he was not able to get up anymore. The four men leave him on the ground, incapable of breathing, and at 5am Willy’s death is ruled by local authorities.
 
During the investigation, some racist comments left online by the Bianchi brothers resurface, including many with the use of the n-word and the police adds racism as one of the motives for Willy’s homicide, but it is most likely to be excluded since Willy wasn’t the four men’s target.
 
Three of the four men are not imprisoned and in isolation while the fourth is in house arrest.
Whether the reason behind the beating and homicide is racist or not this case has brought up the racist face of Italy.
 
One of the guilty men’s parents came out to his son’s defence saying they hadn’t done anything wrong, they’d “[…] just killed an immigrant”, as well as a 23-year-old student from Treviso who referred to the killers as “heroes” for “killing a chimpanzee”.
 
These are just a few examples of racist tweets that have appeared online following Willy’s tragic death where people clearly expressed that, since Willy was black and his parents were immigrants, his life did not matter that much.
 
This happens in the same Italy where right-wing politicians blame African immigrants for the increasing numbers of Covid-19 and say the government is moving them from one refugee camp to the other to spread the virus throughout all of the country.
In the same Italy where Lega (one of the main parties in Italy) asks the local administration of Bergamo, Northern Italy, to forbid immigrants from using busses during certain times of the day to leave more room on said busses for students.
 
The same Italy where people think a black person’s life has so little value that they would rather them drown in the Mediterranean Sea than must welcome them in their country.
 
Willy was murdered in a horrible way and had no faults in what happened other than wanting to help a friend and some people were only able to say was attack the victim for the colour of his skin.
 
The racism in Italy has become impossible to hide and deny and that’s why we need the Black Lives Matter movement to be relevant now more than ever.

Written ​by: Dachel Fohne
Hot Topics/ Activism

​Despite the uplifting news that vaping has become less of an outlet for teenagers, the decline in mental health due to the current state of the world could very likely mean an uptick in teenage vapers next year. 

If you or someone you know is struggling with addiction or mental health, please reach out to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration National Hotline (SAMHSA): 1-800-662-4357.
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Dachel Fohne, Author